The elements of power, p.47
The Elements of Power, page 47
invested in companies that controlled: Wild et al., “Dan Gertler Earns Billions as Mine Deals Fail to Enrich Congo.”
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“This was approved by”: Katumba, Ma vérité, 203.
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“debt monster”: Gertner and Gertner v. Gertler, [Arbitration Award Before the Honorable Arbitrator, Judge (Ret.) Eitan Orenstein], Arb. Eitan Orenstein, April 22, 2024, 97.
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“beyond the natural order”: Gertler, 112.
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“If there is no Katumba”: Gertler, 724.
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The Congolese politician: Gertler, 722, 725.
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“Katumba was the one who dealt”: Gertler, 721.
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“Despite the massive sacrifices”: Forrest, Un siècle de rêves, 116.
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Part 3: Battery Boom
Chapter 20: Accelerating the Transition
“a sexy product”: Tad Friend, “Plugged In,” New Yorker, August 17, 2009.
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“robbed of their livelihoods”: “Block Tesla—Disrupt Elon,” Disrupt, archived May 10, 2024, at web.archive.org/web/20240510121822/https://disrupt-now.org/en/disrupt-tesla/.
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social-media app: Elon Musk (@elonmusk), “Why do the police let the left-wing protestors off so easily?,” Twitter (now X), May 10, 2024, 4:29 p.m., https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1788939318720950772.
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proposed battery factory: Jochen Knoblach, “Tesla: Batteriefabrik in Grünheide bringt weitere 10.000 Jobs,” Berliner Zeitung, November 28, 2020.
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a German court allowed: “Tesla Wins Court Approval to Build Gigafactory in Germany,” Deutsche Welle (DW), February 20, 2020, dw.com/en/tesla-wins-court-approval-to-build-gigafactory-by-clearing-forest-in-germany/a-52454649.
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“We need to keep some”: “Nach Tesla-Klage gibt es eine Rebellion innerhalb der Grünen Liga,” Berliner Zeitung, February 19, 2020, berliner-zeitung.de/wirtschaft-verantwortung/nach-tesla-klage-gibt-es-eine-rebellion-innerhab-der-gruenen-liga-li.76367.
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Twelve thousand people worked: Ilona Wissenbach and Christoph Steitz, “Tesla Targeting About 400 Voluntary Job Cuts in Germany,” Reuters, April 23, 2024.
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The factory is meant: Maria Merano, “Tesla Giga Berlin’s First Goal Is to Produce One Model Y Body Every 45 Seconds,” Teslarati, October 9, 2021, teslarati.com/tesla-model-y-production-45-seconds-giga-berlin/.
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an illegal diesel station: Christian Esser et al., “Bizarrer Vorfall in Teslas Gigafactory: Wie eine illegale Tankstelle unter einem Partyzelt verschwand,” Stern, October 5, 2023, stern.de/wirtschaft/tesla-recherche--wie-eine-illegale-tankstelle-unter-einem-partyzelt-verschwand--33868106.html.
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leaked feces into the water: Daniel Wüstenberg, “Illegale Tankstelle und ausgelaufene Fäkalien: Diese Vorfälle deckte der Stern bei Tesla auf,” Stern, October 5, 2023, stern.de/wirtschaft/tesla—diese-unglaublichen-vorfaelle-deckte-der-stern-auf-33861518.html.
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Tesla denied the claims: Eva Fox, “Tesla Responds to Workplace Safety Allegations in Giga Berlin,” Tesmanian, September 20, 2023, www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/tesla-responds-to-workplace-safety-allegations-in-giga-berlin.
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a “toxic” culture: Bryce Covert, “The Toxic Culture at Tesla,” Nation, April 9, 2024.
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Musk had publicly mused: For BYD batteries, see “Exklusiv: Tesla Startet Produktion von Model Y Mit Akku von BYD in Deutscher Gigafactory,” Teslamag, May 8, 2023, teslamag.de/news/exklusiv-tesla-model-y-rwd-deutsche-fabrik-struktur-akku-byd-58282; and for CATL batteries, see Cristian Agatie, “CATL Will Be the Battery Cell Supplier for Tesla’s Next-Generation Compact EV,” Autoevolution, March 28, 2024, autoevolution.com/news/catl-will-be-the-battery-cell-supplier-for-tesla-s-next-generation-compact-ev-231514.html.
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where molten aluminum: Maria Merano, “Tesla Begins Installing IDRA Giga Press Casting Machine at Gigafactory Berlin,” Teslarati, March 21, 2021, teslarati.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-idra-giga-press-video/.
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Tesla can trim: Evannex, “Learn About Tesla’s Giga Press from IDRA: Five-Part Documentary,” Inside EVs, January 25, 2022, chap. 1, 2:20, insideevs.com/news/563005/tesla-giga-press-idra-documentary/.
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Chapter 21: Breaking the ICE
especially the flagship Prius: Peter Bohan, “Detroit Gets a Buzz from Electric Cars,” Reuters, January 21, 2007.
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GM had occupied: Seth Fletcher, Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy (Hill and Wang, 2011), 110.
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“Toyota was the darling”: “Bob Lutz at #NAIAS 2019,” posted January 26, 2019, by Detroit PBS, YouTube, youtube.com/watch?v=bfmnD1j7nFw&t=40s.
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a Los Angeles engineer: Who Killed the Electric Car?, directed by Chris Paine (Sony Pictures Classics, 2006).
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“very viable solution”: Alan Cocconi, “Alan Cocconi (BS ’80), Electrical Engineer,” interview by David Zierler, Caltech Heritage Project, December 8 and 15, 2021, posted July 5, 2022, heritageproject.caltech.edu/interviews-updates/alan-cocconi.
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a newly minted: “Electric Car tZero 0-60 3.6 sec Faster than Tesla Roadster,” posted August 22, 2010, by Evans Electric, YouTube, youtube.com/watch?v=gb9E222QsM0.
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$2.79 billion from Tesla: Kah Seng Tay (Quora), “How Much Equity Did Elon Musk Get from Investing in Tesla’s Series A?,” Forbes, December 29, 2014, forbes.com/sites/quora/2014/12/29/how-much-equity-did-elon-musk-get-from-investing-in-teslas-series-a/.
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the company’s shareholders approved: Aimee Picchi, “Tesla Shareholders Approve $46 Billion Pay Package for CEO Elon Musk,” CBS News, August 22, 2023, cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-pay-package-vote-cbs-news-explains/.
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plan the Gigafactories: Ben Tarnoff, “Ultra Hardcore,” New York Review of Books, January 18, 2024, nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/.
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“their heads down”: Ryan Melsert (American Battery Technology Company), interview with the author, August 2023.
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“Way beyond technology”: Mujeeb Ijaz, interview with the author, June 2023.
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“Whether Tesla is ever”: “Electric Cars,” Charlie Rose, November 9, 2011, charlierose.com/videos/15404.
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“only way to stop them”: Bob Lutz, interview with the author, December 2022.
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“If we are going to”: Lutz, interview.
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cure the “range anxiety”: “2011 Volt,” Chevrolet (website), archived February 23, 2011, at web.archive.org/web/20110223173940/http://www.chevrolet.com/volt/features-specs/.
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“total crock of shit”: “GM Exec Stands by Calling Global Warming a ‘Crock,’ ” Reuters, February 22, 2008, reuters.com/article/economy/gm-exec-stands-by-calling-global-warming-a-crock-idUSN22372976/.
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“This is a real program”: Peter Bohan, “Detroit Gets a Buzz from Electric Cars,” Reuters, August 9, 2007, reuters.com/article/sports/motor-sports/detroit-gets-a-buzz-from-electric-cars-idUSNOA839010/.
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Chapter 22: Le Petit
“batteries are the foot-soldiers”: “Hooked on Lithium,” Economist, June 22, 2002, economist.com/technology-quarterly/2002/06/22/hooked-on-lithium.
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“nobody knows where”: Todd Pitman, “Uranium Flows from Congo Mines—in Burlap Bags,” Associated Press, June 1, 2004, spokesman.com/stories/2004/jun/01/uranium-flows-from-congo-mines-in-burlap-bags/.
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wood and spice: Richard Wachman, “How a Dubai-Based Businessman Has Emerged as a Key Player in the World’s Cobalt Supplies,” Arab News, April 19, 2018.
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now ran a company: “Local European operators tend to establish themselves as ‘brokers’ with international companies,” the Belgian academic Benjamin Rubbers observed in 2004, “because they are introduced into the political world that holds the keys to the Katangese underground.” See Benjamin Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga (RDC),” Politique Africaine 1, no. 93 (2004): 37.
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a “charismatic child prodigy”: Gertner and Gertner v. Gertler, [Arbitration Award Before the Honorable Arbitrator, Judge (Ret.) Eitan Orenstein], Arb. Eitan Orenstein, April 22, 2024, 86.
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“Dan and Katumba have”: Gertler, 718.
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described as a “logistics genius”: Glencore trader, interview with the author, June 2019; and Glencore official, interview with the author, March 2022.
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“People were pouring in”: Norbert Nawiji, interview with the author, October 2019.
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antelope and elephant: Aigle Mujinga (COMAKAT), interview with the author, March 2019.
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a Congolese investigative reporter: Jonas Kiriko, “ ‘New Energy’ Rush Is Stripping DRC’s Natural Assets,” Oxpeckers, February 5, 2024, oxpeckers.org/2024/02/new-energy-rush-drc/.
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Gécamines technically possessed: “Contrat de création de société entre la Générale de Carrières et de Mines et SAMREF-Congo pour l’exploitation du gisement de Mutanda ya Mukonkota,” May 2001, No. 474/10300/SG/GC/2001, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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such junior companies: Hence the mining engineer John Hays Hammond’s 1911 admonishment that a mine is “a hole in the ground sold by a lying promoter to a stupid investor.” See J. H. Hammond, “Good Advice to Mine Investors,” Gilpin Observer, March 30, 1911.
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Brown agreed to sell: Brown met with Hamze on May 6, 2004, in the South African city of Johannesburg to sign over his shares. After buying more shares the next year, Hamze gained control of the mine.
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coercion to wrest away: Clowes and Wilson, “Glencore Faces New Legal Challenge Against Congo Cobalt Mine.”
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died shortly after filing suit: “Jugement RAC 122,” 212–14.
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a mine in Zambia: Javier Blas and Jack Farchy, The World for Sale: Money, Power, and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources (Oxford University Press, 2021), 226.
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acquired in 1998: “Government Gives Mopani Copper Mines a Friday Deadline,” Lusaka Times, March 12, 2009, lusakatimes.com/2009/03/12/government-gives-mopani-copper-mines-a-friday-deadline/.
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“concentrates and copper”: John Ross and David de Vries, “Mufulira Smelter Upgrade Project” (Mopani Copper Mines, PLC, Glencore Technologies, 2005), glencoretechnology.com/.rest/api/v1/documents/3f912fe463bebc7f0de40789ad95b319/XTpaper_Mopani_MSUPyromet05.pdf.
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“a very smart guy”: Former Glencore trader, interview with the author, July 2019.
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known for heterogenite: Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga,” 27.
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“A comparison of official”: International Crisis Group, “Katanga: The Congo’s Forgotten Crisis,” Africa Report No. 103, January 9, 2006, 9, crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/katanga-the-congo-s-forgotten-crisis.pdf.
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vowed to stop the minerals: Moïse Katumbi Chapwe, interview with the author, May 2019. And see Claude Iguma Wakenge, Eating the Congo: Unveiling State Governance of Copper and Cobalt Mining in Former Katanga (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2019), 45.
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exported with special permits: “Loi n° 007/2002 du 11 juillet 2002 portant code minier,” Journal Officiel, no. spécial du 15 juillet 2002 (Kinshasa, 2002), 38, leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20economique/Code%20Minier/cd-codeminier.pdf.
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building processing plants in Congo: Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga,” 45n37.
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Accusations were rife: International Crisis Group, “Katanga: The Congo’s Forgotten Crisis,” 6.
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Bazano began to signal: It did continue to buy and process artisanally mined ore, however. See Andrew Gulley, “China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Artisanal Cobalt Mining from 2000 Through 2020,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 26 (June 2023): art. e2212037120, doi/10.1073/pnas.2212037120.
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Hamze’s companies finally: Gécamines and Samref CONGO Sprl., “Contrat no. 474/10300/SG/GC/2001 du 16 mai 2001 conclu entre GECAMINES et SAMREF CONGO Sprl portant création de la société MUTANDA YA MUKONKOTA MINING (MUMI),” Annexe I au procès-verbal synthétique de la réunion extraordinaire du Conseil d’Administration du 3 décembre 2008, https://congomines.org/system/attachments/assets/000/000/322/original/PV-Dec-2008-KCC-DCP.pdf?1430928476 [inactive].
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Tilwezembe was known: Chantal Peyer and François Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Profit Before Human Rights and the Environment (Swiss Catholic Lenten Fund, 2012), 12.
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“creating environmental problems”: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 16.
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former associate of Hamze’s: John Sweeney, “Mining Giant Glencore Accused in Child Labour and Acid Dumping Row,” Observer, April 14, 2012.
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“an extremely tough man”: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 12.
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Ismaël’s firm processed: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 12.
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firm had signed a contract: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 14.
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Bazano was long gone: Tilwezembe creuseur, interview with the author, 2022.
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Chapter 23: Into the Pits
someone they loved: According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, malaria is the reason for 60 percent of all hospital visits in Congo. See “CDC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022, archived December 16, 2022, at web.archive.org/web/20221219200136/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/drc/pdf/DRC_2022.pdf.
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“This was approved by”: Katumba, Ma vérité, 203.
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“debt monster”: Gertner and Gertner v. Gertler, [Arbitration Award Before the Honorable Arbitrator, Judge (Ret.) Eitan Orenstein], Arb. Eitan Orenstein, April 22, 2024, 97.
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“beyond the natural order”: Gertler, 112.
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“If there is no Katumba”: Gertler, 724.
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The Congolese politician: Gertler, 722, 725.
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“Katumba was the one who dealt”: Gertler, 721.
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“Despite the massive sacrifices”: Forrest, Un siècle de rêves, 116.
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Part 3: Battery Boom
Chapter 20: Accelerating the Transition
“a sexy product”: Tad Friend, “Plugged In,” New Yorker, August 17, 2009.
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“robbed of their livelihoods”: “Block Tesla—Disrupt Elon,” Disrupt, archived May 10, 2024, at web.archive.org/web/20240510121822/https://disrupt-now.org/en/disrupt-tesla/.
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social-media app: Elon Musk (@elonmusk), “Why do the police let the left-wing protestors off so easily?,” Twitter (now X), May 10, 2024, 4:29 p.m., https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1788939318720950772.
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proposed battery factory: Jochen Knoblach, “Tesla: Batteriefabrik in Grünheide bringt weitere 10.000 Jobs,” Berliner Zeitung, November 28, 2020.
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a German court allowed: “Tesla Wins Court Approval to Build Gigafactory in Germany,” Deutsche Welle (DW), February 20, 2020, dw.com/en/tesla-wins-court-approval-to-build-gigafactory-by-clearing-forest-in-germany/a-52454649.
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“We need to keep some”: “Nach Tesla-Klage gibt es eine Rebellion innerhalb der Grünen Liga,” Berliner Zeitung, February 19, 2020, berliner-zeitung.de/wirtschaft-verantwortung/nach-tesla-klage-gibt-es-eine-rebellion-innerhab-der-gruenen-liga-li.76367.
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Twelve thousand people worked: Ilona Wissenbach and Christoph Steitz, “Tesla Targeting About 400 Voluntary Job Cuts in Germany,” Reuters, April 23, 2024.
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The factory is meant: Maria Merano, “Tesla Giga Berlin’s First Goal Is to Produce One Model Y Body Every 45 Seconds,” Teslarati, October 9, 2021, teslarati.com/tesla-model-y-production-45-seconds-giga-berlin/.
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an illegal diesel station: Christian Esser et al., “Bizarrer Vorfall in Teslas Gigafactory: Wie eine illegale Tankstelle unter einem Partyzelt verschwand,” Stern, October 5, 2023, stern.de/wirtschaft/tesla-recherche--wie-eine-illegale-tankstelle-unter-einem-partyzelt-verschwand--33868106.html.
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leaked feces into the water: Daniel Wüstenberg, “Illegale Tankstelle und ausgelaufene Fäkalien: Diese Vorfälle deckte der Stern bei Tesla auf,” Stern, October 5, 2023, stern.de/wirtschaft/tesla—diese-unglaublichen-vorfaelle-deckte-der-stern-auf-33861518.html.
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Tesla denied the claims: Eva Fox, “Tesla Responds to Workplace Safety Allegations in Giga Berlin,” Tesmanian, September 20, 2023, www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/tesla-responds-to-workplace-safety-allegations-in-giga-berlin.
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a “toxic” culture: Bryce Covert, “The Toxic Culture at Tesla,” Nation, April 9, 2024.
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Musk had publicly mused: For BYD batteries, see “Exklusiv: Tesla Startet Produktion von Model Y Mit Akku von BYD in Deutscher Gigafactory,” Teslamag, May 8, 2023, teslamag.de/news/exklusiv-tesla-model-y-rwd-deutsche-fabrik-struktur-akku-byd-58282; and for CATL batteries, see Cristian Agatie, “CATL Will Be the Battery Cell Supplier for Tesla’s Next-Generation Compact EV,” Autoevolution, March 28, 2024, autoevolution.com/news/catl-will-be-the-battery-cell-supplier-for-tesla-s-next-generation-compact-ev-231514.html.
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where molten aluminum: Maria Merano, “Tesla Begins Installing IDRA Giga Press Casting Machine at Gigafactory Berlin,” Teslarati, March 21, 2021, teslarati.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-idra-giga-press-video/.
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Tesla can trim: Evannex, “Learn About Tesla’s Giga Press from IDRA: Five-Part Documentary,” Inside EVs, January 25, 2022, chap. 1, 2:20, insideevs.com/news/563005/tesla-giga-press-idra-documentary/.
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Chapter 21: Breaking the ICE
especially the flagship Prius: Peter Bohan, “Detroit Gets a Buzz from Electric Cars,” Reuters, January 21, 2007.
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GM had occupied: Seth Fletcher, Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy (Hill and Wang, 2011), 110.
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“Toyota was the darling”: “Bob Lutz at #NAIAS 2019,” posted January 26, 2019, by Detroit PBS, YouTube, youtube.com/watch?v=bfmnD1j7nFw&t=40s.
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a Los Angeles engineer: Who Killed the Electric Car?, directed by Chris Paine (Sony Pictures Classics, 2006).
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“very viable solution”: Alan Cocconi, “Alan Cocconi (BS ’80), Electrical Engineer,” interview by David Zierler, Caltech Heritage Project, December 8 and 15, 2021, posted July 5, 2022, heritageproject.caltech.edu/interviews-updates/alan-cocconi.
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a newly minted: “Electric Car tZero 0-60 3.6 sec Faster than Tesla Roadster,” posted August 22, 2010, by Evans Electric, YouTube, youtube.com/watch?v=gb9E222QsM0.
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$2.79 billion from Tesla: Kah Seng Tay (Quora), “How Much Equity Did Elon Musk Get from Investing in Tesla’s Series A?,” Forbes, December 29, 2014, forbes.com/sites/quora/2014/12/29/how-much-equity-did-elon-musk-get-from-investing-in-teslas-series-a/.
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the company’s shareholders approved: Aimee Picchi, “Tesla Shareholders Approve $46 Billion Pay Package for CEO Elon Musk,” CBS News, August 22, 2023, cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-pay-package-vote-cbs-news-explains/.
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plan the Gigafactories: Ben Tarnoff, “Ultra Hardcore,” New York Review of Books, January 18, 2024, nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/.
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“their heads down”: Ryan Melsert (American Battery Technology Company), interview with the author, August 2023.
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“Way beyond technology”: Mujeeb Ijaz, interview with the author, June 2023.
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“Whether Tesla is ever”: “Electric Cars,” Charlie Rose, November 9, 2011, charlierose.com/videos/15404.
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“only way to stop them”: Bob Lutz, interview with the author, December 2022.
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“If we are going to”: Lutz, interview.
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cure the “range anxiety”: “2011 Volt,” Chevrolet (website), archived February 23, 2011, at web.archive.org/web/20110223173940/http://www.chevrolet.com/volt/features-specs/.
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“total crock of shit”: “GM Exec Stands by Calling Global Warming a ‘Crock,’ ” Reuters, February 22, 2008, reuters.com/article/economy/gm-exec-stands-by-calling-global-warming-a-crock-idUSN22372976/.
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“This is a real program”: Peter Bohan, “Detroit Gets a Buzz from Electric Cars,” Reuters, August 9, 2007, reuters.com/article/sports/motor-sports/detroit-gets-a-buzz-from-electric-cars-idUSNOA839010/.
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Chapter 22: Le Petit
“batteries are the foot-soldiers”: “Hooked on Lithium,” Economist, June 22, 2002, economist.com/technology-quarterly/2002/06/22/hooked-on-lithium.
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“nobody knows where”: Todd Pitman, “Uranium Flows from Congo Mines—in Burlap Bags,” Associated Press, June 1, 2004, spokesman.com/stories/2004/jun/01/uranium-flows-from-congo-mines-in-burlap-bags/.
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wood and spice: Richard Wachman, “How a Dubai-Based Businessman Has Emerged as a Key Player in the World’s Cobalt Supplies,” Arab News, April 19, 2018.
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now ran a company: “Local European operators tend to establish themselves as ‘brokers’ with international companies,” the Belgian academic Benjamin Rubbers observed in 2004, “because they are introduced into the political world that holds the keys to the Katangese underground.” See Benjamin Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga (RDC),” Politique Africaine 1, no. 93 (2004): 37.
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a “charismatic child prodigy”: Gertner and Gertner v. Gertler, [Arbitration Award Before the Honorable Arbitrator, Judge (Ret.) Eitan Orenstein], Arb. Eitan Orenstein, April 22, 2024, 86.
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“Dan and Katumba have”: Gertler, 718.
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described as a “logistics genius”: Glencore trader, interview with the author, June 2019; and Glencore official, interview with the author, March 2022.
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“People were pouring in”: Norbert Nawiji, interview with the author, October 2019.
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antelope and elephant: Aigle Mujinga (COMAKAT), interview with the author, March 2019.
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a Congolese investigative reporter: Jonas Kiriko, “ ‘New Energy’ Rush Is Stripping DRC’s Natural Assets,” Oxpeckers, February 5, 2024, oxpeckers.org/2024/02/new-energy-rush-drc/.
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Gécamines technically possessed: “Contrat de création de société entre la Générale de Carrières et de Mines et SAMREF-Congo pour l’exploitation du gisement de Mutanda ya Mukonkota,” May 2001, No. 474/10300/SG/GC/2001, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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such junior companies: Hence the mining engineer John Hays Hammond’s 1911 admonishment that a mine is “a hole in the ground sold by a lying promoter to a stupid investor.” See J. H. Hammond, “Good Advice to Mine Investors,” Gilpin Observer, March 30, 1911.
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Brown agreed to sell: Brown met with Hamze on May 6, 2004, in the South African city of Johannesburg to sign over his shares. After buying more shares the next year, Hamze gained control of the mine.
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coercion to wrest away: Clowes and Wilson, “Glencore Faces New Legal Challenge Against Congo Cobalt Mine.”
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died shortly after filing suit: “Jugement RAC 122,” 212–14.
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a mine in Zambia: Javier Blas and Jack Farchy, The World for Sale: Money, Power, and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources (Oxford University Press, 2021), 226.
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acquired in 1998: “Government Gives Mopani Copper Mines a Friday Deadline,” Lusaka Times, March 12, 2009, lusakatimes.com/2009/03/12/government-gives-mopani-copper-mines-a-friday-deadline/.
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“concentrates and copper”: John Ross and David de Vries, “Mufulira Smelter Upgrade Project” (Mopani Copper Mines, PLC, Glencore Technologies, 2005), glencoretechnology.com/.rest/api/v1/documents/3f912fe463bebc7f0de40789ad95b319/XTpaper_Mopani_MSUPyromet05.pdf.
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“a very smart guy”: Former Glencore trader, interview with the author, July 2019.
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known for heterogenite: Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga,” 27.
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“A comparison of official”: International Crisis Group, “Katanga: The Congo’s Forgotten Crisis,” Africa Report No. 103, January 9, 2006, 9, crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/katanga-the-congo-s-forgotten-crisis.pdf.
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vowed to stop the minerals: Moïse Katumbi Chapwe, interview with the author, May 2019. And see Claude Iguma Wakenge, Eating the Congo: Unveiling State Governance of Copper and Cobalt Mining in Former Katanga (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2019), 45.
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exported with special permits: “Loi n° 007/2002 du 11 juillet 2002 portant code minier,” Journal Officiel, no. spécial du 15 juillet 2002 (Kinshasa, 2002), 38, leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20economique/Code%20Minier/cd-codeminier.pdf.
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building processing plants in Congo: Rubbers, “La dislocation du secteur minier au Katanga,” 45n37.
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Accusations were rife: International Crisis Group, “Katanga: The Congo’s Forgotten Crisis,” 6.
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Bazano began to signal: It did continue to buy and process artisanally mined ore, however. See Andrew Gulley, “China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Artisanal Cobalt Mining from 2000 Through 2020,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 26 (June 2023): art. e2212037120, doi/10.1073/pnas.2212037120.
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Hamze’s companies finally: Gécamines and Samref CONGO Sprl., “Contrat no. 474/10300/SG/GC/2001 du 16 mai 2001 conclu entre GECAMINES et SAMREF CONGO Sprl portant création de la société MUTANDA YA MUKONKOTA MINING (MUMI),” Annexe I au procès-verbal synthétique de la réunion extraordinaire du Conseil d’Administration du 3 décembre 2008, https://congomines.org/system/attachments/assets/000/000/322/original/PV-Dec-2008-KCC-DCP.pdf?1430928476 [inactive].
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Tilwezembe was known: Chantal Peyer and François Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Profit Before Human Rights and the Environment (Swiss Catholic Lenten Fund, 2012), 12.
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“creating environmental problems”: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 16.
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former associate of Hamze’s: John Sweeney, “Mining Giant Glencore Accused in Child Labour and Acid Dumping Row,” Observer, April 14, 2012.
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“an extremely tough man”: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 12.
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Ismaël’s firm processed: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 12.
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firm had signed a contract: Peyer and Mercier, Glencore in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 14.
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Bazano was long gone: Tilwezembe creuseur, interview with the author, 2022.
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Chapter 23: Into the Pits
someone they loved: According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, malaria is the reason for 60 percent of all hospital visits in Congo. See “CDC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022, archived December 16, 2022, at web.archive.org/web/20221219200136/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/drc/pdf/DRC_2022.pdf.
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